Safety risks

What happens when we lose control of the very systems we built? This is not a thought experiment or a movie plot. It is a live problem that top scientists and policymakers are trying to solve right now. The papers in this section look at the real timelines for artificial general intelligence, the intense global race to build it, and the nightmare scenario of these tools falling into the wrong hands. We need rules before the technology completely outpaces our ability to manage it.

Timelines

AI Digest (2025)

A New Moore’s Law for AI Agents

Altman, S., Brockman, G. & Sutskever, I. (2024)

Governance of Superintelligence

Chollet, F. (2017)

The Implausibility of Intelligence Explosion

Cotra, A. & Narayanan, A. (2025)

Does AI Progress Have a Speed Limit? Asterisk

Erdil, E. (2025)

The Case for Multi-Decade AI Timelines

Fist, T., Burga, T. & Hwang, T. (2025)

Preparing for Launch. Institute for Progress

Grace, K. (2024)

Survey of 2,778 AI Authors: Six Parts in Pictures

Grace, K., Stewart, H., Sandkühler, J. F., Thomas, S., Weinstein-Raun, B., Brauner, J. & Korzekwa, R. C. (2024)

Thousands of AI Authors on the Future of AI. arXiv preprint arXiv:2401.02843

Kapoor, S., Narayanan, A., Kokotajlo, D., Lifland, E. & Larsen, T. (2025)

Common Ground Between AI 2027 & AI as Normal Technology

Karnofsky, H. (n.d.)

The “Most Important Century” Blog Post Series. Cold Takes

Kokotajlo, D., Alexander, S., Larsen, T., Lifland, E. & Dean, R. (2025)

AI 2027

MacAskill, W. & Moorhouse, F. (2025)

Preparing for the Intelligence Explosion. Forethought

Newman, S. (2025)

GPT-5: The Case of the Missing Agent. Second Thoughts

PauseAI (n.d.)

Why We Might Have Superintelligence Sooner Than Most Think

Pueyo, T. (2025)

The Most Important Time in History Is Now

Sarah (2025)

Why Do People Disagree About When Powerful AI Will Arrive?BlueDot

Sevilla, J., Besiroglu, T., Cottier, B., You, J., Roldán, E., Villalobos, P. & Erdil, E. (2024)

Can AI Scaling Continue Through 2030? Epoch AI

Toner, H. (2025)

“Long” Timelines to Advanced AI Have Gotten Crazy Short

Urban, T. (2017)

The Artificial Intelligence Revolution: Part 1. Wait But Why

Wood, D. (2025)

Scenarios for 2030.London Futurists

Safety Risks General

Aguirre, A. (2025)

Keep the Future Human

Anthropic (2025)

System Card: Claude Opus 4 & Claude Sonnet 4. May

Bostrom, N. (2002)

Existential Risks: Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios and Related Hazards. Journal of Evolution and Technology, 9

Bostrom, N. (2014)

Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies. Oxford: Oxford University Press

Buchanan, B. & Imbrie, A. (2022)

The New Fire: War, Peace, and Democracy in the Age of AI. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press

Center for AI Safety (2024)

AI Safety, Ethics, and Society Textbook: Table of Contents

Center for AI Safety (2024)

An Overview of Catastrophic AI Risks. Safe.ai

Eisenpress, B. (2024)

Catastrophic AI Scenarios. Future of Life Institute

Yudkowsky, E. & Soares, N. (2025)

If Anyone Builds It, Everyone Dies. New York: Random House

FAR.AI (2024)

Richard Ngo – Reframing AGI Threat Models [Alignment Workshop]. YouTube

Karnofsky, H. (2022)

Racing Through a Minefield: The AI Deployment Problem. Cold Takes

Kraus, J. (2025)

The Case for AI Doom Rests on Three Unsettled Questions. Lawfare

Leonhard, G. (n.d.)

#HaltAGI: Why We Should Not Seek to Create Artificial General Intelligence. YouTube playlist

Leonhard, G. (2023)

AI and the Future of Humanity: Analysis, Insights and Foresight on Artificial Intelligence. FuturistGerd.com

London Futurists (2025)

London Futurists Podcast. Buzzsprout

MacAskill, W. & Moorhouse, F. (2025)

Preparing for the Intelligence Explosion. Forethought

McKee, D. (2023)

Uncontrollable: The Threat of Artificial Superintelligence and the Race to Save the World. Independently published

Ord, T. (2021)

The Precipice: Existential Risk and the Future of Humanity. London: Hachette Books

PauseAI (n.d.)

The Existential Risk of Superintelligent AI

Russell, S. (2019)

Human Compatible: AI and the Problem of Control. London: Allen Lane

Swoboda, T., Uuk, R., Lauwaert, L., Rebera, A. P., Oimann, A.-K., Chomanski, B. & Prunkl, C. (2025)

Examining Popular Arguments Against AI Existential Risk: A Philosophical Analysis

Tegmark, M. (2017)

Life 3.0: Being Human in the Age of Artificial Intelligence. London: Allen Lane

UK Government (2023)

Future Risks of Frontier AI: Which Capabilities and Risks Could Emerge at the Cutting Edge of AI in the Future? Technology & Science Insights and Foresight.

Uuk, R., Gutierrez, C. I., Guppy, D., Lauwaert, L., Kasirzadeh, A., Velasco, L., Slattery, P. & Prunkl, C. (2024)

A Taxonomy of Systemic Risks from General-Purpose AI. RAND Working Paper Series (forthcoming)

Wood, D. (2025)

Removing the pressure to rush. dw2

Bengio, Y., Clare, S., Prunkl, C., Mindermann, S., Privitera, D., Murray, M., Andriushchenko, M., Bucknall, B., et al. (2026)

International AI Safety Report 2026 (DSIT 2026/001, 2026)

Gradual Disempowerment

Altman, S. (2021)

Moore’s Law for Everything

Carr, N. (2013)

All Can Be Lost: The Risk of Putting Our Knowledge in the Hands of Machines. The Atlantic, November

Carr, N. (2016)

The Glass Cage: Who Needs Humans Anyway? New York: Vintage

Cevasco, L., Corvalan, J. & Le Fevre Cervini, E. (2019)

Artificial Intelligence and Work – Building a New Employment Paradigm. Buenos Aires: Editorial Astra

Chase, C. (2018)

The Economic Singularity. Oxford: Three C’s Publishing

Cheng, D. (2025)

A Taxonomy of Jobs Deeply Resistant to TAI Automation. Convergence Analysis

Cheng, D., Turan, D., Bullock, J., Yelizarova, A., McKernon, E., Sharma, Y. & Foster, A. (2025)

Threshold 2030: AI Risk, Capability Forecasting, and Global Readiness. Convergence Analysis

Drago, L. & Laine, R. (2025)

The Intelligence Curse

Ford, M. (2016)

Rise of the Robots: Technology and the Threat of Mass Unemployment. London: Oneworld Publications

Grey, C. (2014)

Humans Need Not Apply. YouTube

Hammond, S. (2023)

AI and Leviathan: Part I

Innerarity, D. (2024)

Artificial Intelligence and Democracy. UNESCO Office Montevideo & Latin American Social Sciences Council

Korinek, A. (2024)

Economic Policy Challenges for the Age of AI. GovAI

Korinek, A. & Suh, D. (2024)

Scenarios for the Transition to AGI. GovAI

Kulveit, J., Douglas, R., Ammann, N., Turan, D., Krueger, D. & Duvenaud, D. (2025)

Gradual Disempowerment: Systemic Existential Risks from Incremental AI Development. arXiv (Cornell University)

Peppiatt, C. (2024)

The Future of Work: Inequality, Artificial Intelligence, and What Can Be Done About It: A Literature Review. arXiv preprint

Perspectives, A. P. & Krier, S. (2025)

AGI, Government, and the Free Society. [online]. AI Policy Perspectives

Schaake, M. (2024)

The Tech Coup: How to Save Democracy from Silicon Valley. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press

Susskind, D. (2020)

A World Without Work. London: Allen Lane

Susskind, R. & Susskind, D. (2015)

The Future of the Professions: How Technology Will Transform the Work of Human Experts. Oxford: Oxford University Press

Timcke, S. (2025)

AI, Inequality, and Democratic Backsliding. Tech Policy Press

Technical Solutions

Bai, Y., Saurav Kadavath, Kundu, S., Askell, A., Kernion, J., Jones, A., Chen, A., Goldie, A., Azalia Mirhoseini, McKinnon, C., Chen, C., Olsson, C., Olah, C., Hernandez, D., Drain, D., Ganguli, D., Li, D., Tran-Johnson, E., Perez, E. and Kerr, J. (2022)

Constitutional AI: Harmlessness from AI Feedback. arXiv (Cornell University)

Barnett, P., Scher, A. and Abecassis, D. (2025)

Technical Requirements for Halting Dangerous AI Activities. arXiv (Cornell University)

Bengio, Y., Cohen, M., Fornasiere, D., Ghosn, J., Greiner, P., MacDermott, M., Mindermann, S., Oberman, A., Richardson, J., Richardson, O., Rondeau, M.-A., St-Charles, P.-L. and Williams-King, D. (2025)

Superintelligent Agents Pose Catastrophic Risks: Can Scientist AI Offer a Safer Path? arXiv (Cornell University)

Buterin, V. (2025)

d/acc: one year later. Eth.limo

Center for AI Safety (2024)

4.1: Safety Engineering | AI Safety, Ethics, and Society Textbook. Aisafetybook.com

Chen, Y., Tucker, M., Panickssery, N., Wang, T., Mosconi, F., Gopal, A., Denison, C., Petrini, L., Leike, J., Perez, E. & Sharma, M., (2025)

Enhancing Model Safety through Pretraining Data Filtering. Anthropic Alignment Science

Goertzel, B., (2012)

‘Should Humanity Build a Global AI Nanny to Delay the Singularity Until It’s Better Understood?’ Journal of Consciousness Studies, 19(1–2), pp. 96–111

metr.org. (n.d.)

Model Evaluation & Threat Research. METR

O’Brien, K., Casper, S., Anthony, Q., Korbak, T., Kirk, R., Davies, X., Mishra, I., Irving, G., Gal, Y. & Biderman, S., (2025)

‘Deep Ignorance: Filtering Pretraining Data Builds Tamper-Resistant Safeguards into Open-Weight LLMs’. arXiv preprint arXiv:2508.06601

Reuel, A. & Bucknall, B., (2024)

Open Problems in Technical AI Governance. GovAI

Russell, S., (2019)

Human Compatible: AI and the Problem of Control. London: Allen Lane

Scher, A. & Thiergart, L., (2024)

Mechanisms to Verify International Agreements About AI Development. November. Machine Intelligence Research Institute

Soares, N., Fallenstein, B., Yudkowsky, E. & Armstrong, S., (2015)

‘Corrigibility’. In: AAAI Workshops: Workshops at the Twenty-Ninth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Austin, Texas, 25–26 January 2015. AAAI Publications

Vaintrob, L. and Cotton-Barratt, O. (2025)

AI Tools for Existential Security. Forethought

Global Governance

AI Treaty (n.d.)

Urging an International AI Treaty: An Open Letter

Alaga, J. & Schuett, J., (2023)

Coordinated Pausing: An Evaluation-Based Coordination Scheme for Frontier AI Developers. GovAI

Alexander, C. (2024)

An Interview with OpenAI CEO Sam Altman - HKS Student Policy Review. HKS Student Policy Review

Amodei, D., (2023)

Written Testimony for “Oversight of A.I.: Principles for Regulation” before the U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee, Subcommittee on Privacy, Technology, and the Law, 25 July 2023

Anderljung, M., Barnhart, J., Leung, J., Korinek, A., O’Keefe, C., Whittlestone, J., Avin, S., Brundage, M., Bullock, J., Cass-Beggs, D., Chang, B., Collins, T., Fist, T., Hadfield, G., Hayes, A., Ho, L., Hooker, S., Horvitz, E., Kolt, N. and Schuett, J. (2023)

Frontier AI Regulation: Managing Emerging Risks to Public Safety. arXiv.org

Barnett, P. and Scher, A. (2025)

AI Governance to Avoid Extinction: The Strategic Landscape and Actionable Research Questions. arXiv (Cornell University)

Barnett, P. and Thiergart, L. (2024)

What AI evaluations for preventing catastrophic risks can and cannot do. arXiv (Cornell University)

Barten, O. (2023)

AI Policy Proposals. Existential Risk Observatory, November

Bradford, K. (2024)

Belaboring the Algorithm: Artificial Intelligence and Labor Unions. Yale Journal on Regulation

Brundage, M. (2024)

My recent lecture at Berkeley and a vision for a ‘CERN for AI’

Buchanan, B., (2020)

The AI Triad and What It Means for National Security Strategy. Center for Security and Emerging Technology (CSET)

Bullock, J.B., Hudson, V.M., Korinek, A., Young, M.M. and Dean, M. (2023)

The Oxford Handbook of AI Governance. Oxford University Press

Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs (2018)

Wendell Wallach: AI & Governance

Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs (2024)

The Intersection of AI, Ethics, & Humanity, with Wendell Wallach. Carnegiecouncil.org

Carter, S. R., Wheeler, N. E., Chwalek, S., Isaac, C. R. & Yassif, J., (2023)

The Convergence of Artificial Intelligence and the Life Sciences: Safeguarding Technology, Rethinking Governance, and Preventing Catastrophe. NTI | Bio

Cath, C. (2018)

Governing artificial intelligence: Ethical, legal and technical opportunities and challenges. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 376(2133)

Center for AI Safety (2022)

8.1: Governance | AI Safety, Ethics, and Society Textbook. Aisafetybook.com

Cheng, D. & McKernon, E., (2024)

2024 State of the AI Regulatory Landscape. Convergence Analysis

Coeckelbergh, M. (2022)

The Political Philosophy of AI. John Wiley & Sons

Council of Europe, (2024)

Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law

Council of Europe, (2024)

Methodology for the Risk and Impact Assessment of Artificial Intelligence Systems from the Point of View of Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law (HUDERIA)

European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, (2020)

Getting the Future Right: Artificial Intelligence and Fundamental Rights. Publications Office of the European Union

Future of Life Institute (2022)

AI Alignment Podcast: Machine Ethics and AI Governance with Wendell Wallach - Future of Life Institute. Future of Life Institute

Future of Life Institute (2024)

High-level summary of the AI Act | EU Artificial Intelligence Act. Artificialintelligenceact.eu

Gandhi, D., Joshi, H., Hartman, L. and Hassani, S. (2025)

Approaches to Responsible Governance of GenAI in Organizations. arXiv (Cornell University)

Glenn, J.C. (2025)

Global Governance of the Transition to Artificial General Intelligence. De Gruyter

Glenn, J.C. (2025)

Global Governance of the Transition to Artificial General Intelligence: Issues and Requirements. Berlin: De Gruyter

Hale, A. & Whitfield, R., (2024)

AI Governance and Baruch: An Irresistible Force and an Immovable Object. One World Trust

Heim, L. (2023)

Video and Transcript of Presentation on Introduction to Compute Governance. Blog - Lennart Heim

Heim, L. & Koessler, L., (2024)

Training Compute Thresholds: Features and Functions in AI Regulation. GovAI

Heim, L., Fist, T., Egan, J., Huang, S., Zekany, S., Trager, R., Osborne, M. A., & Zilberman, N., (2024)

Governing Through the Cloud. GovAI

Hendrycks , D., Schmidt, E. and Wang, A. (2025)

Superintelligence Strategy. Nationalsecurity.ai

United Nations High-Level Advisory Body on AI (2024)

Interim Report on AI Governance. United Nations. Available via UN, WIRED and The Guardian summaries

Institute for Global Change (2025)

How Leaders in the Global South Can Devise AI Regulation that enables Innovation. Tony Blair Institute

International Organization for Standardization (ISO), (2025)

ISO Policy Brief: Harnessing International Standards for Responsible AI Development and Governance. ISO

International Organisations and the Global Governance of AI (2024)

Chapter in Global Governance of AI: Challenges and Opportunities. NCBI Bookshelf

Ishkhanyan, A. (2025)

‘The sovereignty–internationalism paradox in AI governance: Digital federalism and global algorithmic control’, AI and Ethics, pp. 1–14

Janjeva, A., Mulani, N., Powell, R., Whittlestone, J. & Avin, S., (2023)

Strengthening Resilience to AI Risk: A Guide for UK Policymakers. Centre for Emerging Technology and Security (CETaS) and the Centre for Long-Term Resilience

Karnofsky, H., (2024)

If-Then Commitments for AI Risk Reduction. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace

KGRAdb (2025)

Didier Coeurnelle on AI Governance. YouTube

Klein, E. & Patrick, S., (2024)

Envisioning a Global Regime Complex to Govern Artificial Intelligence. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace

Lu, S. (2024)

Regulating Algorithmic Harms. Florida Law Review, forthcoming 2025. University of Michigan Law & Economics Research Paper No. 24-031; University of Michigan Public Law Research Paper No. 24-031

Maarten Herbosch (2025)

How Existing Liability Frameworks Can Handle Agentic AI Harms. Lawfare

Maas, M. (2023)

Advanced AI Governance: A Literature Review of Problems, Options, and Proposals. Institute for Law & AI, AI Foundations Report 4

Maas, M. (2023)

Concepts in Advanced AI Governance: A Literature Review of Key Terms and Definitions. Institute for Law & AI, AI Foundations Report 3

Maas, M. M. (2025)

Architectures of Global AI Governance: From Technological Change to Human Choice. Oxford: Oxford University Press

MacAskill , W. and Moorhouse, F. (2025)

Preparing for the Intelligence Explosion. Forethought

Marcus, G. F., (2024)

Taming Silicon Valley: How We Can Ensure That AI Works for Us. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press

Mila – Quebec Artificial Intelligence Institute and UNESCO (2023)

Missing links in AI governance. UNESCO Publishing

Miotti, A. and Wasil, A. (2023)

Taking control: Policies to address extinction risks from advanced AI. arXiv.org

Modi, N. (2025)

Remarks to BRICS summit: Advocated for cooperative AI governance among Global South peers. Economic Times

Nobel, P., Rozenshtein, A.Z. and Sharma, C. (2026)

Unbundling AI Openness. Wisconsin Law Review (forthcoming)

OECD (2019; updated 2024)

OECD AI Principles: Intergovernmental Standard on Artificial Intelligence

OECD, (2020)

‘The OECD Artificial Intelligence Policy Observatory’

OECD (2024)

Futures of Global AI Governance: Co-Creating an Approach for Transforming Economies and Societies. Paris: OECD

Okolo, C.T. (2023)

AI in the Global South: Opportunities and challenges towards more inclusive governance. Brookings Institution

One World Trust, (2021)

AI Global Governance – What Are We Aiming For? Conclusions and Recommendations

Ord, T., (2025)

Inference Scaling and AI Governance. Gov.AI

Park, S. (2023)

Bridging the Global Divide in AI Regulation: A Proposal for a Contextual, Coherent, and Commensurable Framework

PauseAI (n.d.)

Building the Pause Button. PauseAI

PauseAI (n.d.)

The Feasibility of a Pause. PauseAI

Png, M.-T. (2022)

‘At the Tensions of South and North: Critical Roles of Global South Stakeholders in AI Governance’, in Proceedings of the 2022 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAccT ’22), pp. 1–12

Ponzio, R., Yusuf, N. and Durch, W. (eds.) (2025)

Global Governance Innovation Report 2025. Washington, D.C.: The Stimson Center

Schaake, M., (2024)

The Tech Coup: How to Save Democracy from Silicon Valley. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press

SingularityNET (2023)

David Wood - Vital Decentralization | The adaptive, resilient pathway to sustainable abundance. YouTube

Smith, B. W., (2020)

‘New Technologies and Old Treaties’. AJIL Unbound, 114, pp. 152–157

Smuha, N. A. (ed.), (2025)

The Cambridge Handbook of the Law, Ethics and Policy of Artificial Intelligence. Cambridge University Press

Transnational Working Group on AI and Disruptive Technologies of the World Federalist Movement and Institute for Global Policy, (2020)

Effective, Timely and Global: The Urgent Need for Good Global Governance of AI. World Federalist Movement / Institute for Global Policy

Villalobos, J. J. & Maas, M. M., (2025)

Beyond a Piecemeal Approach: Prospects for a Framework Convention on AI. Forthcoming in: Hacker, P., Engel, A., Hammer, S. & Mittelstadt, B. (eds) The Oxford Handbook on the Foundations and Regulation of Generative AI. Oxford University Press

Vöneky, S., (2020)

‘How Should We Regulate AI? Current Rules and Principles as Basis for “Responsible Artificial Intelligence”’, in: Bruns, B. et al. (eds.) Legal Theory and Interpretation in a Dynamic Society, vol. 19, 1st ed. 2021, pp. 279–310

Wasil, A. (2024)

Do We Want an ‘IAEA for AI’? Lawfare

WFM/IGP (2025)

Transnational Working Group on the Global Governance of AI and other disruptive technologies (TWG on AI)

White & Case (n.d.)

AI Watch: Global regulatory tracker | White & Case LLP. [online] www.whitecase.com

Wills, P., (2025)

Regulatory Supervision of Frontier AI Developers. GovAI

Winter, C. and Bullock, C. (2024)

The Governance Misspecification Problem. Institute for Law & AI, Working Paper No. 3-2024

Mulitilateral fora

Artificial Intelligence & Equality Initiative, (2023)

‘A Framework for the International Governance of AI’. Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs

Bak-Coleman, J., Bergstrom, C. T., Jacquet, J., Mickens, J., Tufekci, Z. & Roberts, T., (2023)

‘Create an IPCC-like Body to Harness Benefits and Combat Harms of Digital Tech’. Nature, 617(7961), pp. 462–464

Bullock, C. et al. (2024)

Existing Authorities for Oversight of Frontier AI Models. Institute for Law & AI, Working Paper No. 1-2024

Cihon, P., Maas, M. M. & Kemp, L., (2020)

‘Fragmentation and the Future: Investigating Architectures for International AI Governance’. Global Policy

Erdélyi, O. J. & Goldsmith, J., (2022)

‘Regulating Artificial Intelligence: Proposal for a Global Solution’. Government Information Quarterly, 39(4), p. 101748

Garcia, E., (2020)

‘Multilateralism and Artificial Intelligence: What Role for the United Nations?’

Ho, L., Barnhart, J. & Trager, R., et al., (2023)

International Institutions for Advanced AI’. arXiv.

Jelinek, T., Wallach, W. & Kerimi, D., (2020)

‘Policy Brief: The Creation of a G20 Coordinating Committee for the Governance of Artificial Intelligence’. AI and Ethics

Kemp, L., Cihon, P., Maas, M. M., Belfield, H., Cremer, Z., Leung, J. & Ó hÉigeartaigh, S., (2019)

‘UN High-Level Panel on Digital Cooperation: A Proposal for International AI Governance’. Centre for the Study of Existential Risk & Leverhulme Centre for the Future of Intelligence

Maas, M. & Villalobos, J.J., (2023)

International AI Institutions: A Literature Review of Models, Examples, and Proposals. AI Foundations Report 1. Institute for Law & AI

Miailhe, N. (2018)

‘Why we need an intergovernmental panel for artificial intelligence’

Mulgan, G. & Siddarth, D., (2023)

‘The World Needs a Global AI Observatory’. Noema, 29 June

Mulgan, G., Malone, T. & Siddarth, D., et al., (2023)

‘The Case for a Global AI Observatory (GAIO)’. Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs

Roberts, H., (2023)

‘Opinion—A New International AI Body Is No Panacea’. E-International Relations (blog), 11 August

Sepasspour, R., (2023)

‘A Reality Check and a Way Forward for the Global Governance of Artificial Intelligence’. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 10 September. p. 311

Siegmann, C. & Anderljung, M., (2022)

The Brussels Effect and Artificial Intelligence: How EU Regulation Will Impact the Global AI Market. GovAI

Stix, C., (2022)

‘Foundations for the Future: Institution Building for the Purpose of Artificial Intelligence Governance’. AI Ethics, 2, pp. 463–476

The Economist, (2023)

‘The World Needs an International Agency for Artificial Intelligence, Say Two AI Experts’. The Economist, 18 April 2023

US

California Legislature, (2025)

Assembly Bill 621 - Deepfake Pornography (Chapter 673, Statutes of 2025; approved and filed 13 October 2025). State of California. Available

California Legislature, (2025)

Assembly Bill 853 - California AI Transparency Act (Chapter 674, Statutes of 2025; approved and filed 13 October 2025). State of California

California Legislature, (2025)

California Senate Bill 53 - Artificial Intelligence Models: Large Developers (Chapter 138, Statutes of 2025; chaptered 29 September 2025). State of California

Cullen O'Keefe (2024)

Chips for Peace: How the U.S. and Its Allies Can Lead on Safe and Beneficial AI. Lawfare

Curl, J. (2025)

California Enacted AI Bills. Now Officials Must Define Them. Lawfare

Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (n.d.)

Recent U.S. Efforts on AI Policy | CISA

Fischer, S-C., Leung, J., Anderljung, M., O’Keefe, C., Torges, S., Khan, S. M. & Garfinkel, B., (2021)

AI Policy Levers: A Review of the U.S. Government’s Tools to Shape AI Research, Development, and Deployment. GovAI

Fist, T., Burga, T. and Hwang, T. (2025)

Preparing for Launch | IFP. Institute for Progress

Frazier, K., Rozenshtein, A. and DiResta, R. (2025)

Lawfare Daily: Scaling Laws: Renée DiResta and Alan Rozenshtein on the ‘Woke AI’ Executive Order. Lawfare

Kraus, J. (2025)

OMB Releases Guidance on Trump’s ‘Woke AI’ Executive Order. Lawfare

National Institute of Standards and Technology (2023)

AI Risk Management Framework. NIST

The White House, (2025)

America’s AI Action Plan

Tim Ventura (2025)

America’s AI Action Plan | David Wood

Trump, D. J., (2025)

Ensuring a National Policy Framework for Artificial Intelligence (Executive Order, 11 December 2025). The White House

Van Beek, J. (2025)

Recommendations for the U.S. AI Action Plan - Future of Life Institute. Future of Life Institute

White & Case (2024)

AI Watch: Global regulatory tracker - United States | White & Case LLP

Join GAIGANow

Be part of a growing international community committed to establishing safe, ethical, and effective AI governance. Whether you are from civil society, academia, governments, or the private sector, your voice matters, your voice is needed.

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Join GAIGANow

Be part of a growing international community committed to establishing safe, ethical, and effective AI governance. Whether you are from civil society, academia, governments, or the private sector, your voice matters, your voice is needed.

Contact Us

Join GAIGANow

Be part of a growing international community committed to establishing safe, ethical, and effective AI governance. Whether you are from civil society, academia, governments, or the private sector, your voice matters, your voice is needed.

Contact Us